Para quem quiser ler um bocado sobre os últimos 20 anos:
http://www.cyclingnews.com/features/a-history-on-blood-transfusions-in-cycling-part-2/
http://www.cyclingnews.com/features/a-history-on-blood-transfusions-in-cycling-part-3/
After the 1977 confession from Joop Zoetemelk transfusions don't appear again in the known history of cycling until 1984 when, in January of that year, Francesco Moser beat Eddy Merckx's 1972 Hour Record, twice in the space of five days.
...
Quite when Conconi began working with blood transfusions is not clear. What is known is that in the early 1980s the Italian athletics federation, with the support of the Italian Olympic committee (CONI) had put Conconi in overall charge of the preparation of their athletes ahead of the Los Angeles Games in 1984. And that doping – with both drugs and blood – was part of Conconi's armory.
...
In 1985 a question was tabled in the Italian parliament, asking the health minister to state whether or not blood transfusions were against the rules ... When faced with a parliamentary question from Ceci, the Italian health minister didn't care whether transfusions could be tested for or not. They were declared illegal under Italian law.
...
The US team in 1984 ... The American cyclists had a great Games. A medal drought dating back to 1912 was ended in spectacular fashion, with the cycling squad bringing home nine medals, four of them gold. Blood doping wasn't the sole cause – the Americans were helped by the absence of the Soviet riders and by the presence of some pretty good riders – but blood transfusions did play a role in some of the successes: five of the squad's medallists, along with three others, confessed to having used transfusions. When this was made public, months after the Games ended, all the medals won were tainted by the stain of blood.
...
Between the US Olympic squad and Moser's Hour rides, 1984 proved to be something of a watershed year for the use of blood transfusions in cycling. But there was more going on that just those two cases. New evidence has recently come to light which suggests that transfusions also became part of the doping armory in the Continental peloton.
...
Ferrari was on the staff at the University of Ferrara and part of the team Francesco Conconi had assembled to prepare Moser for the Hour. In 1984 Ferrari was moonlighting with Moser's squad, splitting his time between Ferrara and Gis. For the 1985 season he went full time with the team. In 1986 Moser switched squads and joined Gianluigi Stanga's Supermacati outfit and Ferrari went with him. Ferrari stayed with Stanga through to 1989, by which time the team had become Château d'Ax. It was there that he first hooked up with Toni Rominger
...
Rominger setting a new Hour record toward the end of the 1994 season acted as an advertisement for Ferrari's abilities, especially with Rominger doing a Moser, first beating the record by 792 metres and then coming back two weeks later to stuff another 1,459 metres onto the distance.
...
By the end of the 1980s, transfusions are thought to have fallen out of favour. There was talking of developing a test to detect them – Bo Berglund published a paper, Detection of autologous blood transfusions in cross-country skiers, in which he proposed a form of indirect detection based on the difference between two samples taken a week apart – but that isn't what is supposed to have drawn the curtain closed on the use of blood transfusions. No, they're supposed to have fallen out of favour because they were superceded by the new thing: EPO.
Quite when this happened is not clear, different people will give you different dates anywhere between 1987 and 1992. It is clear that, at the Winter Olympics in Calgary in 1988 the existence of EPO was already being discussed openly.
...
And what is also clear is that as early as 1988 bodies were beginning to pile up on mortuary slabs as athletes in several sports began to experiment with EPO and die
...
On a simple cost/benefit comparison EPO trounced transfusions, made them redundant. Though expensive in the early years EPO's price quickly fell. But even above the cost, EPO was logistically less complicated than transfusions, vials of EPO could be transported in ice-packed thermos flasks. There was simply no reason to engage in the hassle of expensive transfusions. Until, that is, tests for EPO came along in 2000/2001. At which stage transfusions – which were still undetectable – once more became part of the doping armory.
...
Pretty much from the moment the EPO tests arrived – at the Sydney Olympics in 2000 and ahead of the 2001 Classics season – transfusions were being whispered about
...
In 1997 the haematocrit test was introduced. It is not inconceivable that, as soon as that arrived, some began turning to transfusions as a means of fighting the restrictions the H-test was imposing upon them and didn't need to wait for an actual EPO test to spur them on.
http://www.cyclingnews.com/features/a-history-on-blood-transfusions-in-cycling-part-2/
http://www.cyclingnews.com/features/a-history-on-blood-transfusions-in-cycling-part-3/
After the 1977 confession from Joop Zoetemelk transfusions don't appear again in the known history of cycling until 1984 when, in January of that year, Francesco Moser beat Eddy Merckx's 1972 Hour Record, twice in the space of five days.
...
Quite when Conconi began working with blood transfusions is not clear. What is known is that in the early 1980s the Italian athletics federation, with the support of the Italian Olympic committee (CONI) had put Conconi in overall charge of the preparation of their athletes ahead of the Los Angeles Games in 1984. And that doping – with both drugs and blood – was part of Conconi's armory.
...
In 1985 a question was tabled in the Italian parliament, asking the health minister to state whether or not blood transfusions were against the rules ... When faced with a parliamentary question from Ceci, the Italian health minister didn't care whether transfusions could be tested for or not. They were declared illegal under Italian law.
...
The US team in 1984 ... The American cyclists had a great Games. A medal drought dating back to 1912 was ended in spectacular fashion, with the cycling squad bringing home nine medals, four of them gold. Blood doping wasn't the sole cause – the Americans were helped by the absence of the Soviet riders and by the presence of some pretty good riders – but blood transfusions did play a role in some of the successes: five of the squad's medallists, along with three others, confessed to having used transfusions. When this was made public, months after the Games ended, all the medals won were tainted by the stain of blood.
...
Between the US Olympic squad and Moser's Hour rides, 1984 proved to be something of a watershed year for the use of blood transfusions in cycling. But there was more going on that just those two cases. New evidence has recently come to light which suggests that transfusions also became part of the doping armory in the Continental peloton.
...
Ferrari was on the staff at the University of Ferrara and part of the team Francesco Conconi had assembled to prepare Moser for the Hour. In 1984 Ferrari was moonlighting with Moser's squad, splitting his time between Ferrara and Gis. For the 1985 season he went full time with the team. In 1986 Moser switched squads and joined Gianluigi Stanga's Supermacati outfit and Ferrari went with him. Ferrari stayed with Stanga through to 1989, by which time the team had become Château d'Ax. It was there that he first hooked up with Toni Rominger
...
Rominger setting a new Hour record toward the end of the 1994 season acted as an advertisement for Ferrari's abilities, especially with Rominger doing a Moser, first beating the record by 792 metres and then coming back two weeks later to stuff another 1,459 metres onto the distance.
...
By the end of the 1980s, transfusions are thought to have fallen out of favour. There was talking of developing a test to detect them – Bo Berglund published a paper, Detection of autologous blood transfusions in cross-country skiers, in which he proposed a form of indirect detection based on the difference between two samples taken a week apart – but that isn't what is supposed to have drawn the curtain closed on the use of blood transfusions. No, they're supposed to have fallen out of favour because they were superceded by the new thing: EPO.
Quite when this happened is not clear, different people will give you different dates anywhere between 1987 and 1992. It is clear that, at the Winter Olympics in Calgary in 1988 the existence of EPO was already being discussed openly.
...
And what is also clear is that as early as 1988 bodies were beginning to pile up on mortuary slabs as athletes in several sports began to experiment with EPO and die
...
On a simple cost/benefit comparison EPO trounced transfusions, made them redundant. Though expensive in the early years EPO's price quickly fell. But even above the cost, EPO was logistically less complicated than transfusions, vials of EPO could be transported in ice-packed thermos flasks. There was simply no reason to engage in the hassle of expensive transfusions. Until, that is, tests for EPO came along in 2000/2001. At which stage transfusions – which were still undetectable – once more became part of the doping armory.
...
Pretty much from the moment the EPO tests arrived – at the Sydney Olympics in 2000 and ahead of the 2001 Classics season – transfusions were being whispered about
...
In 1997 the haematocrit test was introduced. It is not inconceivable that, as soon as that arrived, some began turning to transfusions as a means of fighting the restrictions the H-test was imposing upon them and didn't need to wait for an actual EPO test to spur them on.
